This study investigated the association between family functioning and the occurrence of pain in multiple body sites as well as long-lasting musculoskeletal pain among adolescents, during a crucial developmental period for the onset of persistent pain, while accounting for socioeconomic conditions and adverse experiences in childhood (ACEs). Analyses included data from 1,473 individuals, with pain assessed using the Luebeck Pain Screening Questionnaire when participants reached age 18. Pain affecting multiple sites was classified as occurring in two or more areas; long-term musculoskeletal pain was identified as discomfort in any musculoskeletal area persisting beyond three months. Family functioning was evaluated with the Brief Family Relationship Scale, grouped into poor, moderate, or strong categories. Baseline socioeconomic details were gathered initially, and ACEs were recorded at age 13.
Pain in multiple sites affected 43% of participants, while long-term pain was reported by 23%. Regression models using logistic approaches indicated that strong family functioning correlated with reduced likelihood of pain across multiple sites (OR 0.49; 95% CI 0.37, 0.65) and long-term musculoskeletal pain (OR 0.62; 95% CI 0.45, 0.86). Socioeconomic variables showed minimal influence overall, although elevated maternal occupational level was associated with increased multisite pain (OR 1.38; 95% CI 1.02, 1.87). Analyses by subgroups found no notable moderating effects. Strong family functioning linked to decreased likelihood of pain in adolescence, independent of socioeconomic backgrounds.
