In today’s environment of rapid and unpredictable change, international contracts are frequently exposed to shifting circumstances. Consequently, the original balance envisioned by the parties may be disrupted, creating challenges in contract performance for all involved. Although the principle of pacta sunt servanda is widely recognized, most legal systems also acknowledge the doctrines of changing circumstances and Hardship. This study focuses on employing dynamic methods during the contract i
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Written by Lyubov Satushieva
Published in Vol 1 , 2021
This article addresses a significant and timely issue within modern Russian administrative law: the system of administrative punishments and the procedures for their enforcement. It also highlights the legal challenges that emerge during the imposition of administrative penalties. The importance of this topic stems from issues faced by officials in the process of holding individuals administratively accountable, determining appropriate sanctions, and enforcing them—challenges often caused by leg
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Written by Annina R. Vischer
Published in Vol 1 , 2021
Ethical and legal frameworks in psychology emphasize that obtaining informed consent from patients is a fundamental condition for initiating psychotherapy. While this requirement is well established, little is known about psychotherapists’ actual views on informed consent and the ways it is applied in clinical practice. An online survey was completed by 155 psychotherapists practicing in Switzerland to explore their perspectives on informed consent. The majority of respondents agreed on key elem
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In health research, involving people with lived experience and members of the public is crucial from both ethical and scientific perspectives. True engagement entails their active participation as full partners in research projects. Despite this, partnership-based involvement is rare in practice, particularly during research priority-setting. A key question remains: what conditions are necessary for agenda-setting to be co-led by researchers and people with lived experience and/or members of the
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Written by Emuesiri Goodies Moke
Published in Vol 1 , 2021
The research emphasizes how international criminal law serves as a safeguard against the most serious violations of human dignity. It identifies grave offenses—including genocide, war crimes, crimes of aggression, and crimes against humanity—as punishable acts under international norms. Through both ad hoc tribunals and the permanent International Criminal Court, this body of law ensures that individuals responsible for such atrocities are subject to justice. In this way, international criminal
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Written by Wiktoria Suchy
Published in Vol 1 , 2021
Conducting research in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is challenging because patients are acutely ill and often in a suboptimal state to provide informed consent. The extent to which patients understand verbal assents in AMI research has not been previously studied. The Patients Acceptance and Comprehension to Written and Verbal Consent (PAC–VC) study aimed to compare patients’ understanding and attitudes toward verbal versus written consent in AMI randomized controlled trials (RCTs). PAC–VC
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Written by Sarad Pawar Naik Nanfuka
Published in Vol 1 , 2021
Active involvement of communities is fundamental in health research, and Community Advisory Boards (CABs) are among the key mechanisms used to achieve this engagement. Despite their importance, the extent to which CABs can effectively fulfill their responsibilities in clinical research is not well established in many low-resource contexts. This study explored the operational capacity of CABs to support meaningful community participation in Uganda. A cross-sectional mixed-methods design was emplo
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Written by Marilyn J. Hammer
Published in Vol 1 , 2021
Genetic and genomic testing (GGT) offer valuable tools for enhancing health outcomes and preventing disease. However, because GGT involves sensitive personal information that can significantly affect patients and their families, it is crucial to address its Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI). ELSI research seeks to identify and mitigate potential risks posed by genomic studies to individuals, families, and society. Existing literature, however, shows both quantitative and qualitative
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Although formal documents such as confessions, testimonies, and oaths are recognized under Iran’s civil law, they have notable limitations, particularly in complex, technical, or specialized cases where comprehensive accountability is required. In lawsuits seeking compensation for losses and in civil liability cases, judges often issue a writ of advisory opinion, referring the matter to experts in relevant fields to investigate, calculate, and estimate each party’s degree of fault (liable and lo
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Written by Mohammed Salem S Albalwei
Published in Vol 1 , 2021
Work Place Violence (WPV) refers to the deliberate application of psychological or physical force aimed at harming, threatening, or intimidating individuals within a professional setting. It encompasses a wide range of behaviors such as threats, bullying, assaults, or other aggressive actions that disrupt the workplace. This systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and EBSCO, focusing on randomized controlled trials, observational, and experimental research exploring violenc
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Written by Hiroshi Tanaka
Published in Vol 1 , 2021
Nigeria is rapidly developing as a center for biomedical research, creating a growing need for more trained bioethicists to provide ethical oversight. At present, only two graduate-level programs in health research ethics exist nationwide, and both are located in the southern region, leaving the northern region without comparable training opportunities. As the country’s genetics research capacity expands, it is increasingly important to enhance health research ethics expertise among researchers
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Exploring Complexities and DivergeMedical ethics and law (MEL) are firmly established components of medical education in the UK; however, evaluating MEL within medical schools presents significant challenges. In 2021, the Institute of Medical Ethics convened a working group specifically to address issues surrounding assessment. This article summarizes the group’s findings and deliberations. We begin by outlining the inherent difficulties in assessing MEL, particularly in light of the rigorous ex
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Health insurance can act as a safeguard against catastrophic medical expenses. Under Section 21(4) of the Mental Healthcare Act, 2017 (MHCA), insurance providers are required to offer coverage for mental illnesses on the same terms as for physical illnesses. However, in practice, anecdotal reports indicate that individuals with mental health conditions frequently encounter denial or significant challenges when attempting to secure health insurance.For the year 2020–21, we systematically reviewed
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Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being applied in health research in Uganda, offering the potential to analyze data instantly and enhance diagnostic accuracy. However, the country currently lacks formal ethical guidelines for conducting AI-driven research. Evidence suggests that ethics committees are often under-resourced, undertrained, and lack the necessary expertise to adequately assess the unique risks posed by AI in health studies. In response, this study aimed to develop a stru
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Evidence is increasingly showing that open-label placebos (OLPs) can serve as an effective and safe approach for managing a variety of chronic health conditions. Because patients are fully informed that they are taking a placebo, OLPs are typically viewed as an ethically sound alternative to traditional placebo treatments, which rely on deception. Yet, despite their safety and potential therapeutic benefits, the counterintuitive nature of OLPs can make clinicians hesitant to offer them in practi
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Written by Ayesha Rahman
Published in Vol 1 , 2021
The role of patients and parents in Clinical Ethics Support Services (CESS) remains a subject of ongoing debate, particularly within case-based approaches. Although such participation is gradually expanding, practical challenges and ethical considerations continue to limit its implementation. Gaining a nuanced understanding of patient and parent involvement requires examining the viewpoints of those directly engaged in these services and the contexts in which they operate. This study investigate
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Nurses in hospital settings are frequently the first to notice when a patient experiences cardiorespiratory arrest and must make prompt decisions about whether to call a CODE BLUE and initiate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). In the Australian context, there is no legal or policy requirement to perform CPR when a patient shows clear and irreversible signs of death. Delivering CPR in circumstances where it cannot benefit the patient presents complex ethical and professional dilemmas. This stu
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Written by Siti Nur Aisyah
Published in Vol 1 , 2021
Research is expected to uphold strict safeguards for individuals’ privacy and personal information, yet many case reports and case series are produced without formal ethical review or consent that provides all essential details. This study set out to investigate how often these types of publications disclose obtaining patient permission and ethics committee involvement. This meta-research, using a cross-sectional design, examined open-access case reports and case series from 2021 that were index
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Armed conflicts involve numerous challenges that make it more difficult to adhere to standard research ethics compared to studies conducted during peacetime. A qualitative study was conducted to explore the factors influencing the reporting of ethical approval in published research, using studies carried out by humanitarian agencies in Darfur, western Sudan, between 2004 and 2012 as a case example. The study employed a qualitative approach, utilizing interviews and focus group discussions with k
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